Governor essays

Senator articles As a resident of Michigan, I trust you should decide in favor of Dick Posthumus. Under his initiative in the Michigan Senate and as Lieutenant Governor, he has a demonstrated record of incredible administration. Dick Posthumus has dreams for making new openings, cutting expenses, improving schools, and saving Michigans incredible outside. Under the administration of Dick Posthumus in the Michigan Senate and as Lieutenant Governor, savage wrongdoing in Michigan has dropped to its most reduced level in thirty years. Since 1991: 7500 less ladies have been survivors of assault, 1000 less Michigan families have lost friends and family to manslaughter, and 22000 less individuals have been burglarized. Posthumus has expressed, I am glad for the endeavors weve made in Michigan to get intense on wrongdoing, and as Governor, I will proceed with the battle to secure our families. He is additionally worried about the kids in Michigan. He is going to ensure each kid can peruse by the third grade. He has plans of making Michigan schools alright for our children. He is going to work with Michigan schools to guarantee each school has a security intend to ensure our children. Posthumus has cut duties more than multiple times and he won't stop now. He anticipates cutting assessments while his rival Jennifer Granholm says she may need to raise charges. There is one other large issue that he and his rival differ on. Posthumus will require medicate testing for government assistance beneficiaries since he feels that their kids merit better than that and feels that citizens ought not be compelled to sponsor dependence. Granholm then again contradicts sedate testing on government assistance beneficiaries. Taking everything into account, Dick Posthumus has helped Michigan consistently and will keep on doing as such on the off chance that he is chosen senator. He is an extraordinary delegate and has incredible designs for Michigan. In the event that he is chosen Governor he will keep on making Michigan a superior and more secure spot to live. ... <!

Love, Beauty, and Honor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love, Beauty, and Honor - Essay Example The picture of perfect appearance likewise experiences consistent changes. Ladies who were treated as the most delightful during extravagant appear to be terrible today. Present day individuals don't carry on a similar route as they did numerous hundreds of years back. The adjustments in the comprehension of magnificence, love and respect ought to be examined in detail so as to see the advancement of the humankind. Be that as it may, it is conceivable on the off chance that one breaks down all the times of craftsmanship advancement: old style, renaissance, ornate, sentimentalism, authenticity, impressionism, post-impressionism, present day and contemporary. It is important to push that the ideas of affection, magnificence and respect are firmly associated with Humanities. It is conceivable to inquire about these terms and changes in them just with the assistance of these sciences. The last offer a chance to depend on the utilization of recorded realities, writing, expressions and ins truct us to think systematically. It is difficult to see the adjustments in the picture of excellence, love and respect without returning to some authentic realities and crafted by popular craftsmen. Something else, the examination will be plain and unreasoned. At first, there was no perfect picture of human magnificence on the grounds that lone divine beings were portrayed as the most attractive animals. No one could be prettier than them. Most of specialists and figures portrayed perfect assemblages of divine beings. They only here and there utilized normal individuals for their works. All figures and pictures exhibited perfect body on the grounds that the craftsmen applied youthful competitors for models. It is important to push that the perfect female excellence in old style period was spoken to by the picture of Aphrodite referenced in Homeric works. For all intents and purposes all models and works of art delineated exposed individuals. It was very typical for old style period . There were a few changes in renaissance. It ought to be noticed that renaissance impression of magnificence are effectively observed in Botticelli’s Venus and Mars that is set in the National Gallery in London. In this manner, a perfect delight of renaissance ought to have even highlights of her body and face, immaculate alabaster skin. One ought to have high brow, fair skin, the forcefully characterized jaw, strawberry light hair, sensitive and high eyebrows, full lips, tight mouth and solid nose. Venus portrayed by Botticelli is dressed; nonetheless, it is done so it is straightforward that she has perfect body. The renaissance and humanism dismissed the perspective that no one but divine beings can be delightful and seen magnificence as an outcome of amicability of extents and objective request. Renaissance craftsmen started to pressure human sexuality. The accentuation was made on female bosom. Elaborate period restricted to renaissance. All the craftsmen having a place with this period depended on the utilization of plainly characterized planes. There was a consistent covering of components and figures. All portrayals looked mentally and truly genuine. All the more brilliant and significantly hues were applied. Caravaggio is the most commended agent of this period. The most renowned pictures are: The Rich Old Man from the Parable by Rembrandt, Cupboard by Georg Flegel, The Coronation of the Virgin by Diego Velazquez, and so on. The photos and models of the specialists of this period exhibited fat bodies since they were in design. A perfect lady of extravagant ought to have fat hips, fair hair and profound navel. The time of sentimentalism was foreordained by ornate. A perfect lady ought to have likeness with china statuette. This implied having flimsy midsection, little head, roundish hips and restricted shoulders. Ladies wore bombastic dresses

Mecca - Holy Pilgrimage Site for Muslims

Mecca - Holy Pilgrimage Site for Muslims The Islamic religions holiest city of Mecca (otherwise called Mekka or Makkah) is situated in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Its significance as a blessed city for Muslims looks back to it being the origination of the originator of Islam, Mohammed. The prophet Mohammed was conceived in Mecca, found approximated 50 miles from the Red Sea port city of Jidda, in the year 571 CE. Mohammed fled to Medina, presently additionally a sacred city, in the year 622 (ten years preceding his demise). Muslims face Mecca during their day by day petitions and one of the key fundamentals of Islam is a journey to Mecca at any rate once in a Muslims life (known as Hajj). Around 2,000,000 Muslims show up in Mecca during the most recent month of the Islamic schedule for the Hajj. This inundation of guests requires a lot of strategic arranging by the Saudi government. Lodgings and different administrations in the city are extended as far as possible during the journey. The holiest site inside this heavenly city is the Great Mosque. Inside the Great Mosque sits the Black Stone, an enormous dark stone monument that is fundamental to adore during the Hajj. In the Mecca zone are a few extra destinations where Muslims venerate. Saudi Arabia is shut to voyagers and Mecca itself is beyond reach to all non-Muslims. Barriers are positioned along streets prompting the city. The most praised occurrence of a non-Muslim visiting Mecca was the visit by the British voyager Sir Richard Francis Burton (who interpreted the 100 accounts of the Arabian Knights and found the Kama Sutra) in 1853. Burton masked himself as an Afghani Muslim to visit and compose Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Mecca. Mecca sits in a valley encompassed by low slopes; its populace is around 1.3 million. In spite of the fact that Mecca is certainly the strict capital of Saudi Arabia, recollect that the Saudi political capital is Riyadh.

The Protestant Reformation VS The Counter-Reformation Essays

The Protestant Reformation VS The Counter-Reformation ' The Reformation was a development against the Catholic Church in the mid 1500s. The Counter-Reformation was a development by the Catholic Church to touch off the enthusiasm that was once infectious in Europe, however had appeared to fade away. In 1483 some would state that the best reformer ever was conceived. Martin Luther changed the world everlastingly when he posted his 95 propositions on the entryway of the château church in Wittenburg, Germany. His intended interest group was generally the individuals that were tired of the Catholic Churchs selling of extravagances. While the Catholic Church battled with its own problems, they excessively retaliated to recover their believability. The Church endeavored to get however many individuals back in the congregation as could reasonably be expected. Notoriety, respectability, and the privileges of individuals were in question during the hour of the two reorganizations. When taking a gander at the Reformation and the Counter Reformation, one must think about the ramifications of each. Each needed to have occurred for an explanation, had their intended interest group, and both needed to have a result. The Christian world, and in addition the whole world, would change because of this season of change that kept going around one hundred years. The explanation behind the Reformation was the unreliability of the Catholic heads and their absence of enthusiasm for keeping their regulations. The prompt reason for the Reformation was Luther (Spitz 57). It began on October 31, 1517 when he posted his 95 Theses regarding the matter of guilty pleasures. This sent a shock through the very soul of Christendom. The subject of these Theses was the principle of guilty pleasures, recognizing a minor purpose of Catholic Theology, which Luther intended to clarify in a standard scholastic debate (Hillerbrand xiv). At that point, Luther had no aim of parting Christianity into two groups. Actually, Luther had no goal of leaving the Catholic Church. His lone aim was to get the Catholic heads to acknowledge what they were doing. Numerous individuals came together for Luther and persuaded him that he could challenge the Catholic Church, and in the end Luther began to trust it. In 1519 Luther denied the trustworthiness of the Pope and supplanted him with sola scriptura, Scripture alone. He accepted that an individual didnt need a strict individual assist them with getting to paradise; one simply required their confidence. In 1520, Luther was suspended from the congregation for his, what some accepted, extraordinary comments. The intended interest group for the development in which Luther drove was individuals who didn't need anything to do with the Church. Individuals who needed change and who longed for various clarifications in philosophy looked for Luthers counsel and tailed him. Despite the fact that he was out of the congregation, Luther had carried many individuals with him. A great many people felt it was the ideal opportunity for a change. The result of the Reformation is still especially felt today. Christianity has in excess of 15 significant organizations just in the US, not including the sub-groups of those. Luther empowered another rush of deduction around the globe. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation had numerous distinctions, however they additionally had their likenesses. Both happened in light of the fact that specific people looked for change. In opposition to prevalent thinking, the Counter Reformation was occurring before the Reformation. In any case, the name recommends that the Catholic development came after the Protestant, though in truth the change initially started in the Catholic Church and Luther was a Catholic Reformer before he turned into a Protestant. By turning into a Protestant Reformer, he did in reality frustrate the advancement of the Catholic Reformation, yet he didn't stop it. The name probably originated from the way that Protestant antiquarians had been utilizing it, in all likelihood for proselytizer consideration. The Papal office had been sending ministers all over Europe some time before the Reformation to help revive the eagerness that Catholicism once had. Not until the Protestant Reformation, however, did the Church understand that it truly had an issue. In 1537, the Council of Trent was gathered (3: 46). During the board, pioneers carefully precluded the further selling of guilty pleasures an d considered individual Bishops and Priests answerable for their own bishopric. Additionally, during the Council, new teacher bunches were made to help recover the prevalence

The Gender Problem

The Gender Problem In middle school, my first foray into robotics was with the FIRST Lego League. That was the first time I remember being in a school activity that had drastically more boys than girls. There was no FIRST team at my high school, so I joined my friend and only other female teammate (Ariel S. ‘18 at University of Michigan) at an external team that was not tied to any high school. We were the only 2 girls on a 8-person team, and all-male mentors. Then, Ariel and I actually went back to our own high school for funding, and started a team there: Team 4550, “Something’s Bruin”. But even though two women were the team captains, for two years, we were again a team of drastically more boys than girls. The first-ever Cherry Creek High School robotics team when we started in 2013. Thats me reppin Gryffindor front and center. Co-Founder Ariel stands directly above. As I have progressed through my career development as an engineer, the one exception to these starkly male environments has been MIT. From my perspective in Mechanical Engineering, it’s at least not been quite so obvious that there are fewer women. But the interesting effect of being at MIT is that I sometimes forget what the outside world is like. Of course I know consciously that the problem must still exist, but there’s nothing quite like starting an internship, walking into your first meeting, and finding that all twelve of the employees surrounding the conference table are men. It takes a little self control to not literally gasp. I will stress that in my personal career development, I have been so fortunate as to mostly encounter incredibly helpful men, respectful and supportive male supervisors, and men who I am completely confident only want the best for my success. My UROP supervisor, internship supervisors, MIT academic advisorall men that I feel not only happy working with or under, but also incredibly privileged to have met. However, many women have not been so fortunate. This past February, former Uber employee Susan Fowler posted “Reflecting on one very, very strange year at Uber” on her personal blog. The post quickly went viral, and, some speculate, was the start of a domino effect that led to the resignation of Uber CEO, Travis Kalanick. Her story details the multiple cases of sexual harassment and discrimination that she encountered while at Uber. In one scenario, a manager even prevented her transfer because it made him look good: “even though the rest of the teams were losing their women engineers left and right, he still had some on his team.” The results of the Uber fiasco empowered many other women to come forth with their own stories of sexual harassment, discrimination, and generally hostile work environments in tech fields. More recently, female entrepreneurs have come forward with harassment charges against several venture capital firms, who threatened them with funding withdrawals. And for every story that does see the light of day, there are many other women in tech who had the courage to speak out, but were silenced, or simply not listened to. Stories like these both encourage and dishearten me. It’s encouraging to see some form of justice occurring, and to hear about an uprising against what was once simply thought of as “workplace culture”. Yet, it also reminds me of the very real dangers of harassment and discrimination in such a male-dominated workplace, and I dread the day I might have to work with similarly demeaning managers or investors. As Susan Fowler revealed in her blog post, discrimination can be pushed forward by other women, too, like some of the uncooperative HR people that she encountered. But I still can’t help but feel that entering the field might seem less daunting if occasionally, my managers or investors were female, too. Part of the reason why increasing women in tech fields is so difficult is that women in the general workforce often take fewer management positions and prefer more flexible jobs. The primary reason women have more gaps in growthand indeed, part of the reason for the pay gapis because women are largely still expected to be the primary caretakers of children. If women are expected to raise children, then they should be given the resources to do so and still remain a productive member of a company. Otherwise, society should stop expecting women to be primary caretakers for children. Fortunately, both of these things are starting to happen. Though not a tech company, the well known outdoor clothing brand Patagonia has an effective method that approaches both sides of the gender gap issue. First, they provide all parents (not only women) with more resources to raise their children and be productive. The company created an extensive workplace child care program that has been in place for over 30 years. Younger children are in a healthy, educational environment at the childcare centers at Patagonia offices, and parents that work there can have lunch with their kids, or connect with them throughout the day. The program even busses school-age kids over to the workplace after school. Patagonia also has a generous paternity leave policy, which not all companies provide. The effect is striking. One article stated, “100% of the women who have had children at Patagonia over the past five years have returned to work, significantly higher than the 79% average in the US. About 50% of managers are women, and 50% of the company’s senior leaders are women.” Patagonia’s child care program only accounts for 0.005% of its overall costs, but that 0.005% dramatically boosted its number of women returning to work. The case of Patagonia is also in stark contrast to the United States overall. Only 16% of US employers offer paid parental leave of any kind, and only 69% of women return to work a year after giving birth. Canada has almost a year of parental leave, and both Britain and France have extensive state-supported childcare, and the numbers of women in the workforce are reflected accordingly. After I took the time to just do some basic research on why the wage gap exists, or why there aren’t more women in the (tech and otherwise) workplace, it seems bizarrely simple. Of course women do not want to join fields that have a track record for sexual harassment, of course women do not want to be unsupported when they have small children, and of course anyone can perform much better when not harassed and adequately supported. After all the data-crunching and analytics and HR meetings, I wonder if corporate America will just recognize the elephant in the room when it comes to retaining women. I’m optimistic that the cultural trend is headed that way, but I want more people to know and understand the workplace gender problem, and I want to understand it myself better, too. From small robots to (really, really) big onesthis photo was taken over the summer in 2016 when I worked as a UROP with Dr. Steven Keating on his then PhD thesis, a construction robot. On the day I was turning 16, I spent my birthday in a machine shop working with my FIRST  Robotics Team. “Why do you want to spend your birthday in a machine shop?!” my mother exclaimed, but reluctantly drove me there anyway. I responded, “I’m doing this to find out if I like it, maand I really like it!” As a high school girl in a robotics competition, I had no idea that the path I was on (and excited about!) could be fraught with so many perils of harassment or discrimination. I did not stop to consider that on this path, should I choose to have a child, it could be a career obstacle for me, but not for my partner. All I knew was that I enjoyed itthe creative thrill of design work, the satisfaction of making physical parts, even the late nights to meet deadlines and adrenaline rush of competition day. I hope in the future I will be able to focus on exactly that: performing good work that I enjoy doing. Just like anyone else. In 2015, I went back to watch the team I founded at the Colorado regional. While Ive been in college, theyve grown a lot, and even made it to the worlds competition. Im incredibly proud! At the end of the day, boys, girls, or gender non-conforming, it is always a privilege to meet enthusiastic engineers.   Post Tagged #FIRST robotics competition

Gas Emission From Livestock On The Economic Equilibrium of the Market - 1650 Words

Greenhouses Gas Emission from Livestock Digestions on the Economic Efficient Equilibrium of the Market (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name Student Number Tutors’ Name Greenhouses Gas Emission from Livestock Digestions on the Economic Efficient Equilibrium of the Market Introduction In the context of Australian economy, livestock industries are regarded as the most viable economic industry. For instance, in the year 2008, gross value of the livestock economy was projected at AUD 19.7 billion including AUD 14 billion as export earnings (Abare, 2008). Australia is regarded as the world largest economy in the export of wool and second behind Brazil in export of red meat. Livestock richly valued in the Northern part of the country that supports 16 million beef cattle. Globally, livestock industry is regarded as the most growing sub agricultural sector since population projected to double by the year 2020 due to continuous consumption of red meat in developing nations ( De Haan et al., 1996) With respect to increase in demand for red meat, Australian livestock industries have greater opportunity to supply the same in addressing global food security. Even though this is regarded as a major step in tackling food security in both Australia and developing countries, it is also regarded as a major environmental issue since overproduction of the same leads to continuous greenhouses gas emission. Cows and sheep are the major red meat producers in Australia and their greenhouse gas emission accounts for approximately same amount of greenhouse gas emitted by transport industry as a whole. Seventy percent of the total Australia greenhouse gas emissions in the livestock sub sector are derived specifically from cows and sheep in the agricultural sector which is equivalent to 10 percent of the total national greenhouse gas emission and manure from cow and sheep also accounts for 1 percent of the national greenhouse which comprises of nitrous oxide and methane (Department of Climate Change, 2008). The data is significantly irrelevant due to its small contribution to the whole world methane emitted globally but a successful development of abat ement strategies is regarded as a major mitigation towards greenhouses gas emission. This paper therefore expounds on the effects of greenhouses gas emission from livestock digestions on the economic efficient equilibrium of the market. The analysis is based on economic theory of externalities thus helps to articulate the effects in terms of cost-benefit analysis using private and social costs and benefits respectively. Statistical Data Description of Australia Greenhouse gas Emission with Comparison to USA    Methane quantity (MtCo2-e)    (Years) Livestock category 1990 2002 2008 Beef Cattle 38.7 39.45 36.6 Dairy cattle 5.0 7.65 6.8 Feedlot cattle 1.65 1.98 2.1 Sheep 25.0 16.2 13.6 Diagram 1: Greenhouse gas emission from livestock industry in Australia in the year 1990, 2002 and 2008 (Department of Climate Change, 2008) From the above diagram, it is evidently noted that in the year 1990, 2002 and 2008, beef cattle and sheep livestock had the highest quantity of methane gas at 38.7, 39.45 and 36.6 respectively and 25.0, 16.2 and 13.6 respectively. It is therefore clear that the research paper will implicitly look onto these two major significant contributors of greenhouse gas emission in Australia.    During the year 1990 During the year 2008    Emission    Emission    Sector MtCo2-e Share in % MtCo2-e Share in%    Beef Cattle 94.5 71.6 100.8 71.7    Dairy Cattle 32 24.2 33.1 23.5    Swine 1.7 1.4 2.1 1.5    Horses 1.9 1.4 3.6 2.6    Sheep 1.9 1.4 1 0.7    Total 132 100 140.6 100    Diagram 2: United States of America Greenhouse gas Emission for the years 1990 and 2008 (EPA, 2010) USA is the major contributor in the whole world of greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere. Comparing the USA data for the year 1990 and 2008 with that of Australia, it is evidently clear that even though Australia greenhouse gas emission is insignificant to that of USA but it still has a positive effect on the produce of red meat which is distributed globally mo so to the developing countries. Emission Sector MtCo2-e Share in % Primary Industries 146.7 27.50% Agriculture 64.3 12.10% Mining 82.3 15.40% Manufacturing 60 11.30% Electricity and Gas 201.2 37.70% Services and Transport 64.3 12.10% Residential 60.9 11.40% Total 533 100% Diagram 3: Australia’s Direct Greenhouse Gas emission by Economic Sectors 2016 (Australia Greenhouse Emission Information System, 2016) Agricultural sector contributes to 12.1 percent of the greenhouse gas emission in the whole Australia, just behind mining sector. This is a significant an alarming effect to both the consumers who depends on red meat from livestock since once the digestion of the same gas has occurred; livestock will be butchered and sold to the consumers who will have both health complications and economic effects (Department of Climate Change, 2008 Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Digestions on the Economic Efficient Equilibrium of the Market Greenhouse gas emission in Australia from livestock digestions contributes to a major economic loss to consumers since there is neither a market price for GHC emissions nor alternate institutions to impose limits on it thus this paper regards GHC emission as an uncorrelated negative externality. Economic equilibrium is always inefficient in the presence of uncorrelated externalities hence; it leads to no economic opportunity cost which might be the solution to correcting such externalities. This can only be revised by investing resources which are mostly diverted from their intentional use to mitigating such externalities thus raising economic well-being of both the present and future generations. Specifically, externality is defined as a utility or production variable (non monetary) whose value is chosen by the third party without a particular attention to the effect on its welfare to either party (Rezai et al.,2009) i.e. it is the cost or benefit that adversely affects an agent who did not chose to incur same cost or benefits. Greenhouse gas emission from livestock digestion is regarded as a negative externality and it is incorporated with some economic costs and benefits. This includes private costs which are defined as costs incurred when producing a commodity, like in this paper the commodity being produced is the red meat. Social cost is regarded to be greater than private costs and it includes the greenhouse gas emitted in the environment from the livestock ranching. They are disadvantages that the society as a whole suffer from the actions of the producer hence generally known as externalities. Externality is divided into two i.e. negative (that which harms the society) and positive externality (that which benefits the society). The social cost can then be calculated as private cost plus externalities. Externalities is a very fundamental economic argument that was captured by leissez-faire economists such as Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek who referred to it as a neighborhood effect even though it is not minor aspect of economical discussion (Rezai et al.,2009) Negative Externalities Diagram 4: Negative externalities with deadweight welfare loss from greenhouses gas emission for livestock digestion, specifically on cows and sheep. From the above diagram, equilibrium in the quantity of red meat from cows and sheep will be experienced at the point where the price ‘P1’ is equal to quantity demanded ‘Q1’ which is the point where private cost cuts the demand curve. Due to negative externalities which are the greenhouse gas emission from livestock digestion, the socially optimum position will be at a point where price ‘P2’ and quantity demanded ‘Q2’ meets. This shows a higher price charged for the produce from cows and sheep at a lower quantity demanded by consumers. The negative externalities being emphasized in this paper is the greenhouse gas emission from livestock digestion, more specifically on cows and sheep. The ideal equilibrium is therefore found at ‘E2’ instead of ‘E1’ representing current equilibrium since that is the point where social cost benefit is incorporated though the general price of red meat will increase leading to a deadweight welfares loss to th...

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1401 Words

It is heavily debated as to whether or not marijuana should be legalized. There are numerous reasons for and against legalizing marijuana, some say that the government can tax it, some say that it helps with certain medical conditions. People also say that it is not a gateway drug and does not lead to drug abuse. Then there is the question of should we legalize it now even though there is no way to test the levels in your blood at a routine police stop. There are some really good points as to why marijuana should be legalized and some good reasons as to why it should not be legalized, the truth is that people are going to smoke marijuana whether it is legal or not. If marijuana was legalized nationwide the government will be able to tax†¦show more content†¦Cancer patients use marijuana to help calm the side effects of Chemotherapy. Knowing that this plant can help ease the side effects of something so severe that essentially destroys your body while trying to kill off cancer, it seems like to give someone a little bit of hope of feeling better is what a cancer patient deserves. There are people with other ailments like Glaucoma, Parkinson’s, and even depression. The Huffington Post reports that â€Å"The drug also helps with people who have loss of appetite due to diseases such as HIV/AIDS.† (Huffington Post, 2013) If we fight for women to have the right to choose because it is essentially considered their bodies, why can we not allow a cancer patient or someone suffering from HIV/AIDS to choose what they want to do with their bodies. It seems that this argument of allowing women to choose is almost contradictory when i t comes to smoking or even eating marijuana. It is interesting what people pick and choose to be for or against in today’s world, a person any person should be legally able to choose what they do to their body so long as it abides by the laws that correspond with what you do to your body. Then there is the fact that smoking marijuana does not lead to drug abuse or even the experimentation of other drugs. Again, the Huffington Post states â€Å"as Scientific American points out,Show MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Is management an art or a science - 1538 Words

Many a times this question has been raised and various people have given an insight on what their beliefs are on whether management is an art or a science. To be able to determine where management falls in these two terms, it is important to know what they each mean and give support as to why it can either be an art or a science. Below shall be a discussion in detail on whether management is an art or a science but to begin with it is important to know what management is and what it entails. Management according to Henri Fayol a renowned scholar said management ‘can be defined as a set of activities, including planning, organising, leading and controlling directed at an organisations resources with the aim of achieving organisational†¦show more content†¦Management involves judgement and skills. The art of management can be refined with continuous practice of management theories and principles. The manager as an artist seeks to develop and improve on these skills on a daily basis. The personal possessions of a manager is what makes up the art in management. This is an individual who is equipped with the right knowledge and education and has the right skills and expertise in management. Also, to show that management is an art is because management is practical and practical results are expected for example in the issue of making profit. The art in management seeks to achieve this in the most effective and efficient way possible. No prescribed books guidelines or principles can assist you in this. Managers make decisions on this based on current situations around them. The above are some of the reasons why management is said to be an art and to follow will be the reasons why management can be said to be a science, beginning with definition of science and where it falls under management. Science can be defined as any skill or technique that reflects a precise application of facts or principles. It can also be defined as an organised or systematized body of knowledge pertaining to a particular field of enquiry. According to Webster’s dictionary science is defined as any skill or technique that reflects a precise application or facts or a principle. Management as a science would indicateShow MoreRelatedIs Management An Art Or Science?1851 Words   |  8 PagesWithout the combination of both art and science those brands would not be the successful brands they are today. This also applies to change management as, it also needs both art and science. The Oxford Dictionary (2015) defines art as, ‘†¦human creativity and social life†¦ a skill at doing a specified thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ That suggest that in management, art is the creation of new ideas and the involvement for everyone to have their opinion heard. The Oxford Dictionary (2015) defines science as, ‘ The intellectual andRead MoreManagement As A Science Or An Art3214 Words   |  13 PagesINTRODUCTION Management has been in practice for thousands of years. The systematic study of management in twentieth century is comparatively new. In the words of Weihrich and Koontz (1993: 4) management can be defined as a process in which the organizational goals can be achieved through designing an environment where individuals works together in groups efficiently. The word Management is being derived from the Latin term which is used for â€Å"handling or controlling a horse†, which later extendedRead MoreManagement Is An Art, A Science, Or Neither?1352 Words   |  6 PagesCurrently, the development of management has been very remarkable in line with the development of science and technology. Management is required by all organisations, because without management all efforts will be in vain and the achievement of goals will be more difficult. There are three main reasons for the need of management. The first is to achieve goals of an organisation. The second is to maintain a balance among conflicting objectives. The third is to attain efficiency and effectiveness.Read MoreManagement is art , science and profession. 1920 Words   |  8 PagesQ1. Management is a combination Art, Science Profession Explain fully. Management is a concept which cannot be limited to any specific area. It is a part of our day-to-day life. Management is managing oneself. It is a broad term which is a combination of Planning, Organizing, Controlling, Directing and Co-ordinating. As rightly defined by Koontz Management has been defined as the creation and maintenance of internal environment in an enterprise, where individuals working together in groupsRead MoreStrategic Management : An Art And A Science1868 Words   |  8 PagesStrategic management is considered an art and a science; one that involves the formulation, implementation and evaluation of decisions in an organisation, which are functionally related and are fundamental in the achievement of the business objectives of that organisation (Dix Matthews, n.d); the term strategic management is replaced by strategic planning when it comes to the world of business. The main focus of this process is the amalgamation of the managerial department, production and marketingRead More Project Management is an Art Form NOT a Science Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesProject Management: Art to the Rescue! Is project management more of a science or more of an art form? Introduction Today’s business executives are asking their managers and employees â€Å"to do more†¦ with less†. Fewer Project Managers are leading more projects with poor results, the latest Standish Group – Chaos Report shows that only 28% of IT projects succeed. Many believe that the key to Project success in not applying technical management principles, but rather, more artful soft skillsRead MoreIs Project Management More of a Science or More of an Art Form?938 Words   |  4 PagesMOD 1 Case Robert Lehman Is project management more of a science or more of an art form? To be clear when referring to science in this paper; I mean following the strict structure of what has been prescribed to us in the past; sticking to the playbook, staying within the lines. In my opinion project management should be more of an Art form strongly grounded in science. There are too many variables when working a project and things can go wrong very quickly. As you become more experiencedRead MoreLeadership Is The Art Of Accomplishing More Than The Science Of Management1392 Words   |  6 Pagescommon task or goal. This definition is very straightforward and simple, however, it doesn t capture the essence of what it means to be a leader. To do this we will now examine Colin Powell’s definition: â€Å"leadership is the art of accomplishing more than the science of management says is possible.† This definition, much like everything Powell does, is short, sweet, and to the point. Essentially, Powell is telling us that leadership is getting the most out of every aspect of your organization, fromRead MoreHow Art And Science Are Integrated Synergistically Within Management Processes1822 Words   |  8 Pages Management is known to incorporate components of both art and science. In the context of management being defined as â€Å"the activity of getting things done with the aid of people and other resources† (Boddy, 2014 p.10), it is interesting to explore how art and science are integrated synergistically within management processes. This essay will aim to identify, as well as distinguish, the roles of art and science, and how they are characterised and inexplicably connected in business management. WithRead MoreEssay on Strategic Management1145 Words   |  5 PagesSummary In the domain of management, strategic management encompasses identification together with definition of strategies. Usually, managers employ these strategies to strive for high performance as well as competitive advantage for a business establishment. In this respect, strategic management draws higher profitability if well planned and executed. In addition to that, it includes decisions as well as acts managers set about, and which determines the outcome of the organization’s performance

The French Verb Conjugations of Bouger (to Move)

The French verb  bouger  is one of the many ways to say to move. It is a rather easy verb to conjugate, though there is a spelling change that you will want to watch out for. The Many Ways to Say to Move in French The English to move can take on many different meanings depending on the context. It can mean to move something, to move your home or yourself, or even to move someone emotionally. In French, there is a separate verb for all of these instances and some are rather specific. The subject of this lesson is bouger. Specifically, this means to move as in to budge, stir, or shift. Explore these other French verbs and make sure you choose the correct to move to relay your true meaning. dà ©mà ©nager  - to move housetransporter - to transportremuer and à ©mouvoir - to disturb or stirmarcher - to walkjouer - to playdescendre - to descendavancer - to advanceprogresser - to progressinciter - to encourage The Spelling Changes in Conjugating  Bouger Bouger  is a  spelling change verb. Its an easy one to conjugate when you understand how and why the spelling changes. Typically, in French verbs that end in -er, the  nous  present tense (for example) would drop the -er  and add -ons. If we did that with a word that ends with -ger, the G would have a hard sound. We really want to retain that soft G pronunciation, so an E is added before the O or an A. This applies to a few of the conjugations below. Also, all verbs that end in -ger  follow this rule. The Simple Conjugations of  Bouger Beyond that minor spelling change,  bouger  is a relatively straightforward verb to conjugate. This is required so the verb matches the subject and the present, future, or past tense. The chart will help you learn the  bouger  conjugations. Pair the subject pronoun -- the  je, tu, nous, etc. -- with the proper tense. For instance, I move is je bouge and we will move is nous bougerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je bouge bougerai bougeais tu bouges bougeras bougeais il bouge bougera bougeait nous bougeons bougerons bougions vous bougez bougerez bougiez ils bougent bougeront bougeaient The Present Participle of  Bouger The  present participle  of bouger  is bougeant. While we would normally drop the E when adding the -ant  ending, this is another instance of that necessary spelling change.   Not only is this a verb, but it can act as an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Passà © Composà © of  Bouger Other than the imperfect, you can also express the past tense of  bouger  using the  passà © composà ©. To do so, you must conjugate  avoir, which is an  auxiliary or helping  verb. You will also use the  past participle  of bougà ©. With those two elements, the conjugation is easy. For I moved, the French is jai bougà © and we moved is  nous avons bougà ©. More  Bouger Conjugations The present, future, and past tense conjugations should be the focus of your French studies at first. As you progress, you may also find the following conjugations useful. The subjunctive and conditional are used when the act of moving is in some way questionable or dependent. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily reserved for writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je bouge bougerais bougeai bougeasse tu bouges bougerais bougeas bougeasses il bouge bougerait bougea bouget nous bougions bougerions bougemes bougeassions vous bougiez bougeriez bougetes bougeassiez ils bougent bougeraient bougrent bougeassent To express  bouger  in short, assertive commands or requests you will use the imperative verb form. When doing so, there is no need to include the subject pronoun as it is implied in the verb. Instead of nous bougeons, you can simplify it to bougeons. Imperative (tu)                 bouge (nous)        Ã‚  bougeons (vous)           bougez

History of Photography Essay - 822 Words

The History of, and Impact of, Photography on our World Photography is a process frequently used in areas of media, art, and science as well as practical everyday use. It is used to inform society of different issues, used to document a wide range of things and is used to capture everyday memories for the years to come. It is used everywhere in todays society and through technology has advanced tremendously since its beginnings. The earliest cameras were simple devices that did not capture an image but merely projected an image onto a surface. It was basically a large pinhole camera in the form of a darkened room or booth. These were used by artists as early as the 16th century. These were known as Camera Obscuras. They then†¦show more content†¦It has even branched out into the digital realm allowing endless possibilities to the world of photography. Photography revolutionized the world in ways we cant even imagine. Imagery is such an important part of our everyday lives and photography has created a convenient way to convey an image. Before photography came about the only way of having a permanent image of a person was to have a portrait painted. The only way of creating an image to show the scenery and landscape of a certain era was to have it painted or drawn. Nowadays we can take a snapshot and years later people can see the world as it was today. Photos have changed the world of journalism, creating a way for people to actually see what is going on, rather then just hearing about it. Today we use photography frequently in our everyday lives and we are constantly surrounded by images that would not have been possible without photography. Its considered a hobby for some, a business for others. Photography is a huge money making industry, from people taking pictures to sell to magazines to portrait photographers taking happy snaps of families at their best. Photography is used as a form of identification, showing us exactly how we are and proving we are who we say. It is used to sell products and advertise almost anything you can think of. Its also used as a journalistic tool, to send a message to the world and inform others. It canShow MoreRelatedHow Did Photography Influenced The History And The Development Of Contemporary Painting?1830 Words   |  8 Pages To what extent has photography influenced the history and the development of contemporary painting? â€Æ' Contents Abstract Page 3 Introduction Page 4 History of Photography in relations to Painting Page 5 Influence of Photography on Andy Warhol’s Paintings Page 9 Page 1 Page 1 Influence of Photography on Gerhard Richter’s Paintings Page 1 Page 1 Page 1 Influence of Photography on Luc Tuymans’ Paintings Page 1 Page 1 Page 1 Conclusion Page 1 Abstract – Cornelis Le Mair Throughout myRead MoreThe History Of Photography798 Words   |  4 Pageswe remain a society that is captivated by oddities and death. This is especially true in the area of creepy vintage photography. Genuine shots showcasing historic, surreal portrayals engross us because so few pictures were taken years ago, compared to today, when, according the the non-profit Rawhide, 1,000 selfies are posted to Instagram every second. Disturbing digital photography may or may not be altered. However, when we view a disconcerting vintage depiction, knowing it is authentic, a pressingRead MoreThe History Of Photography1532 Words   |  7 PagesMexican arts and photographers: Guillermo Soto Curiel, Ruben Ortiz Torres, Consuelo y Marisa and Graciela Iturbide. The exhibition was one of a collection of Mexican photographers of the twentieth century and the permeant exhibition of the history of photography. As well as the current exhibition of Mundos Alternos an Art and science fiction in the Americas. There are four photographs by Guillermo Soto Curiel, Manuel Carrilo, Graciela Iturbide, and Ruben Ortiz Torres. The first photograph is RitmoRead MoreEssay on The History of Photography1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Photography The name Photography comes from the Greek words for light and writing. Sir John Herschel, was the first to use the term photography in 1839, when he managed to fix images using hyposulphite of soda. He described photography as The application of the chemical rays to the purpose of pictorial representation. Herschel also coined the terms negative, positive and snapshot. But a man called de la Roche (1729 - 1774), wrote Giphantie and in this imaginaryRead MoreEssay on History of Photography648 Words   |  3 PagesHe called it a Heliograph (sun drawing). It took eight hours to expose. Photography, however, did not really begin until 1839 when the world heard about something startling. Louis Daguerre had invented a way to permanently reproduce a fleeting image on a metal plate. It took 30 minutes to expose, not eight hours. The advent of this technology resulted in a new language that everyone understood. The language was photography, through which we could recall a moment frozen in time and could share itRead MoreEssay about History of Photography1254 Words   |  6 PagesSince its inception, photography has been used to capture moments in time all around the world. This wonderful technology has existed since ancient times, and has only improved in recent history, changing society in the process. While we think of photography as a fairly modern invention, that is simply not true. In fact, there are documents on the underlying principle behind photography dating back to as early as the Fifth Century, B.C. The first recorded instance of a photographic image was foundRead MoreHistory of Photography: Annotated Bibliography1047 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography on the History of Photography Baker, George. Photographys Expanded Field. October, Vol. 114, 120 140, 2005 This piece describes the current manifestations of photography are. This piece calls photographys expanded space, the screen. Photographys expanded space is the screen for a few reasons. One of which is that a great deal of the media of choice consumed in vast quantities around the world come photography. Cinema is a direct descendant photography, as it is a series ofRead MoreHow The Invention of the Camera Changed the World Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution. In his early photography experiments, he used paper that was soaked in a solution of silver chloride, which made the paper turn a darker color when exposed to light. The photo took over eight hours of exposure. A second chemical treatment was used to stop the exposure and fix the image properly on the paper. In 1829, Nià ©pce made a partnership with Louis-Jacques-Mandà © Daguerre. Sadly, in 1833, Nià ©pce died but Daguerre continued on and further experimented with photography. Building on Nià ©pce’sRead MoreThe Invention of Photography1308 Words   |  5 PagesInvention of Photography The first photographic image was made in 1827 by a French inventor Nicà ©phore Nià ©pce, who worked with Louis-Jacques Mande Daguerre, a French painter, late on in his career (Photography). He called his first image â€Å"View from the Window at Gras†. Nià ©pce’s first photographic image was a view outside of an upstairs window, which he used a camera obscura to make (Easby). The camera obscura led to the invention of photography and also to the invention of the camera. It consistsRead MoreThe Impact Of Photography On The World Of Photography1782 Words   |  8 PagesThe history of photography begin with the discovery that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light and can capture that reality on to metal or paper. From then on, many photographers and scientists developed photography in to what it is now. There are many significant aspects of photography in its first hundred years of history that formed and shaped the basis of photography technically and artistically. Personally, the most significant aspects of the photograph lie in its beginning

Missing the Target Free Essays

This article is written to the general public.   It is begging the question, how do we close the gap? The school district or town of Ossining is struggling to get to the root of the great racial divide. However, the bigger question, is it race, is the real issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Missing the Target or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Is it socioeconomic or an even greater issue at hand?   The values stressed in this article are of education, equality and integration. The author whole-heartedly believes that the great racial divide is what hinders many African-American and Latino students.   The author also points out that the students have benefited from the integration and provides examples in the article of said benefits. Let us examine the points a little further. The article asks the question, ‘can the town continue to use racial targeting to close the achievement gap?’ Is that what is going on? According to the article, ‘†they’re doing a lot of things, but it’s not clear that they’re working.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He (Noguera) says the results of his research are forthcoming.   Pedro Noguera is a New York University sociologists and nationally known expert in the achievement gap (Goldstein). He does not see how this is helping but gives the school an A for effort.   However, effort alone does not achieve results, especially in this instance.   I do not see the efforts of Ossining as an academic achievement, but as a social one. It is irrelevant as to whether I agree with the values of the article, although I do. However, the values of integration do not solve the problems of the educational divide, which is the point or thesis of the article.   What is stressed here is how African-Americans do better in the workforce when they are put in integrated environments and pregnancy rates are lowered for Latina and African-American teenagers, but what does that have to do with education? The sociological gap presented here is really what is being questioned.   However, that is not achieving equality in higher education. Programs such as the Boy Scouts of America or summer enrichment programs can achieve integration or exposure to a less segregated social experience.   The question in the article is about closing the achievement gap and that is not being addressed or answered in this article. The author values integration, equal opportunity, enrichment exposure and self-esteem.   However, if the parents of the affluent are the only ones involved, then there will only be a social integration.   Achievement comes from involvement and reinforcement at home.   There are few children that can achieve anything with parents who cannot understand and assist in homework or academic endeavors.   That is discouraging.   My take on it is to target parents and to teach them about what good study habits are.   It does not matter if the children are being targeted if it is not reinforced at home. There are only a minute amount of children that can make achievements in dire circumstances.   If the parents are telling the children to work hard or that they need them to get a job to help out with bills and other extenuating circumstances, such things can and will deter academic achievement.   There are statistics that show parents that read have children that read.   The emphasis on education starts at home and if there is a sociological disadvantage, then that is what needs to be addressed and resolved since, obviously, such efforts as in the Ossining school are missing the target; educational equality. How to cite Missing the Target, Essay examples

Risk Factors of the ASD of Neonatal Jaundice

Question: Discuss about the Risk Factors of the ASD of Neonatal Jaundice. Answer: Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder is a group of disorders in the neurodevelopmental category which can be distinguishable into three main domains such as behavior, communication and socialization. Jaundice is a type of disease in which the count of billirubin increases in the body. The increase in its content in the neonatal stage causes jaundice and phototherapy is considered as its treatment. Several studies were conducted that shows ASD is associated with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (Lozada et al., 2015). Discussion Bilirubin is considered as a product of catabolism of heme, and has very low beneficial antioxidant. It is acts as a higher level of neurotoxic and affects the developmental process in the brain of the neonatal (Wu et al., 2016). It is considered as one the common disorder in them. Few parts of the brain of the neonatal are vulnerable to the toxicity of bilirubin (Lozada et al., 2015). Clinical features such as impairment in communication, behavioral abnormalities, disability in the intellectual level. Phototherapy is considered as the treatment of the neonatal jaundice that is used for the reduction of the content of the bilirubin (Lee et al., 2016). This therapy only reduces the bilirubin content without harming the skin of the baby. Conclusion It can be concluded as autism spectrum disorder is associated with the neonatal jaundice. Several studies are still on progress on the findings that how neonatal jaundice is affecting it and causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder. References Lee, B. K., Le Ray, I., Sun, J. Y., Wikman, A., Reilly, M., Johansson, S. (2016). Haemolytic and nonhaemolytic neonatal jaundice have different risk factor profiles.Acta Paediatrica,105(12), 1444-1450. Lozada, L. E., Nylund, C. M., Gorman, G. H., Hisle-Gorman, E., Erdie-Lalena, C. R., Kuehn, D. (2015). Association of Autism Spectrum Disorders With Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia.Global Pediatric Health,2, 2333794X15596518.

How the Body Fights Infections Essay Sample free essay sample

The human organic structure was designed to protect itself against harmful sources in order to remain alive. The most critical mechanism helping that procedure would be the immune system. The human immune system is working non-stop. mundane. and every 2nd. There are 1000000s of sources. bacteriums. bugs. viruses. toxins. and parasites that float around us twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours ; and the fact that we are non affected by most of them is because our immune system keeps these microscopic atoms from occupying our organic structures. However. sometimes the immune system may lose one of the harmful sources and the organic structure becomes ill. Even though it was missed one time. the immune system uses particular white blood cells to assail harmful bacteriums ( Nordqvist. 2012. p. 1 ) . The immune system ever battles to acquire rid of the foreign atoms and finally the organic structure is back to normal. Sometimes the resurgence procedure is aided by an excess consumption of H2O. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Body Fights Infections Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page vitamins. medical specialties. antibiotics. and sometimes even surgery. When the organic structure has foreign atoms. such as a virus or a bacteria ( remarkable for bacterium ) . the organic structure sends out cells to acknowledge it. Once these cells find out what the encroacher is. the organic structure launches a defence response to kill the infection. The immune system puts up a battle and gets the organic structure back to normal. Once the organic structure is back to normal. the immune system can make memory cells. which will protect from future infections. Symptoms are the body’s manner of reacting to an infection. Symptoms help the organic structure acquire rid of the infection by stating the immune system what cells need to be activated to contend off the occupying foreign atoms. Harmonizing to Gwaltney and Hayden ( 2007 ) . â€Å"The immune system contains a assortment of natural substances called inflammatory go-betweens. Inflammatory go-betweens help protect the organic structure from infection and other harmful events† ( p. Secret Fighters 3 5 ) . For case. with the common nasal cold. inflammatory go-betweens are released when a nasal cell is infected with a cold virus. Which in bend causes mucus gland secernment. physiological reactions of sneezing and coughing. and stimulates pain nervus fibres. Although holding symptoms are non necessary for contending an infection. 70 five per centum of people with infections suffer from some type of symptom. Medicine is normally taken to do a individual feel better. Most medical specialties found in a drug shop are merely generalized medical specialties for many different types of people contending the same type of infections. like the common cold. Most of these medical specialty merely assist alleviate the symptoms of an infection but non the really infection itself. Prescribed medicines that a individual can acquire from a pharmaceutics are more specific for one certain individual or one certain infection and can break contend the infection and aid alleviate the symptoms. Antibiotics are a stronger type of medicine that can merely be prescribed by a physician after being seen by one. Nordqvist provinces. â€Å"Antibiotics. besides known as antibacterial. are types of medicines that destroy or decelerate down the growing of bacteriums. The Grecian word anti means against. and the Grecian word bios means life† ( Nordqvist. 2012. p. 1 ) . Pain stand-ins are besides normally prescribed with an antibiotic to suit the painful symptoms. It is stated that. â€Å"while the antibiotic is get downing to contend the bacterium. you might still experience aching and hot. so the physician might†¦ besides give you a hurting stand-in. Pain stand-ins can’t do you good. but they do assist you experience better while you’re acquiring well† ( Gavin. 2010. p. 3 ) . When the organic structure is contending off infections. it can be really tired and weak. Harmonizing to Brian ( 2012 ) . his definition of being ill is â€Å"your body†¦ [ is non ] able to execute at its full potential† ( p. 3 ) The immune system uses up a big bulk of the organic structures energy to contend off infection. It leaves small to no energy for other bodily map and to execute a normal day-to-day modus operandi. When physicians give their patients advice. they ever include ‘get plentifulness of rest’ and they say this because when the organic structure is at remainder. the immune system can work without any other distractions. One such molecule that promotes devastation of encroachers is called interleukin-1. [ which ] encourages particular blood cells called B-lymphocytes to bring forth antibodies. Interleukin-1 besides allows T lymph cells ( another type of immune system cell ) to assail bacteriums. If you do non kip. you become more susceptible to illness. which stimulates your immune system. and thanks to the ataractic effects of Interleukin-1. makes you sleepy. In other words. the immune system works to do you sleep ; and kip allows your immune system to work. The immune system works in a bit-by-bit procedure. First the immune system creates a barrier that prevents bacteriums and viruses from come ining the organic structure. Then if a bacterium or virus does acquire into the organic structure. the immune system attempts to observe and extinguish it before it can do itself at place and reproduce. Finally. if the virus or bacterium is able to reproduce and get down doing jobs. your immune system is in charge of extinguishing it ( Brian. 2012. p. 4 ) . Taking a deeper expression inside the organic structure. there are eight other constituents to contending an infection ; they include the: Lymph system. Thymus. Spleen. Bone marrow. Antibodies. Complement system. Hormones. and White blood cells. The Lymph system: lymph is a clear liquid that bathes the cells with H2O and foods. A bacteria that enters the organic structure besides finds its manner into this inter-cell fluid. One occupation of the lymph system is to run out and filtrate these fluids to observe and take the bacterium. Small lymph vass collect the liquid and travel it toward larger vass so that the fluid eventually arrives at the lymph nodes for processing. Lymph nodes contain filtrating tissue and a big figure of lymph cells. When contending an infection. the lymph nodes swell with bacteriums. Swollen lymph nodes are hence a good indicant that you have an infection of some kind. Once lymph has been filtered through the lymph nodes. it re-enters the blood stream. The Thymus is responsible for bring forthing T-cells. The spleen filters the blood looking for foreign cells. The lien is besides looking for old ruddy blood cells in demand of replacing. Bone marrow so steps in and produces new blood cells. both ruddy and white. Following. white blood cells produce antibodies. They are Y-shaped proteins that each respond to a specific bacterium. virus or toxin. Each antibody has a particular subdivision that is sensitive to a specific bacterium. virus or toxin and binds to it in some manner. The adhering by and large disables the chemical action of the toxin. Or a big figure of antibodies can adhere to an encroacher and signal to the complement system that the encroacher needs to be removed. The complement system. like antibodies. is a series of proteins that freely float in the blood. The complement proteins are activated by and work with the antibodies. They cause spliting of cells and signal to scavenger cells that a cell needs to be removed. There are several endocrines generated by constituents of the immune system.Interleukins. for illustration. are generated by white blood cells and produced by macrophages after eating a foreign cell. When interleukins reach the hypothalamus. it produces fever and weariness. The raised temperature of a febrility is known to kill some bacteriums. White blood cells are the most of import portion of the immune system. White blood cells are really a whole aggregation of different cells that work together to destruct bacteriums and viruses and they include: Leukocytes. Lymphocyte. Monocytes. Granulocytes. B-cells. Plasma cells. T-cells. Helper T-cells. Killer T-cells. Suppressor T-cells. Natural slayer cells. Neutrophils. Eosinophil. Basophils. Phagocytes. and Macrophages. All white blood cells are known officially as leucocytes. White blood cells are non like normal cells in the organic structure. they really act like independent. populating single-cell beings able to travel and capture things on their ain. White blood cells behave really much like amebas in their motions and are able to steep other cells and bacteriums. Many white blood cells can non split and reproduce on their ain. but alternatively hold a mill someplace in the organic structure that produces them. That mill is the bone marrow. Leukocytes are divided into three categories: Granulocytes. Lymphocyte. and Monocyte. Granulocytes make up 50 to sixty per centum of all leucocytes. Granulocytes are themselves divided into three categories: neutrophils. eosinophils and basophils. Granulocytes get their name because they contain granules. and these granules contain different chemicals depending on the type of cell. Next. Lymphocytes make up 30 to forty per centum of all leucocytes. Lymphocytes come in two categories: B cells ( those that mature in bone marrow ) and T cells ( those that mature in the Thymus ) . Finally. Monocytes make up seven per centum or so of all leucocytes. Monocytes evolve into macrophages. Since the immune system is so of import it is critical to maintain it healthy and to ever working decently. There are 1000000s and 1000000s of sources. bacteriums. and viruses that the organic structure is susceptible to mundane and without a healthy active immune system them a individual could finally decease from so much onslaught from foreign atoms. However. acknowledging and managing symptoms. taking medical specialty. acquiring a nice sum of slumber. and sing the physician are all great ways to do one feel better if they are ill. Mention Page Brian. Marshall ( 2012 ) . â€Å"How Your Immune System Works†Ellis-Christensen. Tricia ( 2012 ) . â€Å" How Does The Human Body Fight Infections† Gavin. Mary ( 2010 ) . â€Å"What Medicines Are And What They Do† . Gwaltney. Jack and Hayden. Frederick ( 2007 ) . †What Causes Cold Symptoms† . Jones. Cameron ( 2010 ) . â€Å"Sleep and the Immune System: How the Immune System and Sleep Work Hand in Hand† . Nordqvist. Christian ( 2012 ) . â€Å"What Are Antibiotics? How Do Antibiotics Work? † . Medical News Today. MediLexicon. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/10278. php hypertext transfer protocol: //www. commoncold. org/undrstn4. htm hypertext transfer protocol: //kidshealth. org/kid/feel_better/things/kidmedic. html # hypertext transfer protocol: //www. soundsleeping. org/articles/sleep-immune-system. htm hypertext transfer protocol: //science. howstuffworks. com/environmental/life/human-biology/immune-system. htm non used but looks utilehypertext transfer protocol: //www. wisegeek. com/how-does-the-human-body-fight-infections. htm

How to Cite Academic Journal in MSL Format

How to Cite Academic Journal in MSL FormatHow to cite academic journal in essay MSL format is a complex question that often pops up in a student's mind. The question in this case is 'how to cite academic journal in MSL format'. You might have wondered what the document is called and so the process of getting hold of it becomes a simple task for you. In the first place, you should make a note of the name of the academic journal and the author before going on to the next step.For reference purposes, let us take a look at the structure of an academic journal. An academic journal, for example, has the following structure: topic, introductory note, conclusion, discussion, bibliography, etc. The topic is the name given to the article or a series of articles published in the journal, the introduction is the introduction of the article or the text, the conclusion is the conclusion of the article or a sub-section of the entire article, the discussion contains the opening paragraphs, conclusio ns, methods, findings, conclusions and sub-sections of the entire article and the bibliography is a list of references and a list of editors of the journal.As stated earlier, the procedure of how to cite academic journal in MSL format is quite similar to the procedures that are followed in academic journals. However, the document is not called MSL as such but MSL format and here is the difference between MSL format.In the first place, MSL format is called in English as MSL, a condensed version of the English MS. It means 'mini-summary format'. The process of how to cite academic journal in MSL format is quite similar to the MS format and the procedure of the citation for this document is different from the citation procedure for MS.If you are working on the MSL format for the first time, then you will find that the citation is easy to understand as there are no introduction and conclusion. This is the reason why the document should be used only when the topic is quite short and you do not want to introduce an entire article in the Introduction. In case of the MS format, you have to write the entire introduction as well as the Conclusion.If you know how to cite academic journal in MSL format, then you can go on to a process of understanding the format of the MSL format. The MSL format is used to cite journals and even books because these forms a part of your education. If you want to learn more about academic journals, you can read some books or browse through the internet.In any case, the procedure of how to cite academic journal in MSL format will be quite similar. In the first place, you need to read the introduction and make sure that the text and the content do not clash.

Music Censorship free essay sample

Avoid adding any new information into the concluding paragraph. Include appropriate transitions within and between paragraphs. Post your draft essay as an attachment to campus. THESIS Metal music has both negative and positive effects on todays youth. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Censorship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Paragraph one In this paragraph I will give the history of metal as well as a definition and a modern description. I will also give the milestones that it has gone through. I will give the history starting point. Paragraph twoIn this paragraph negative stereotypes and assumptions of metal music. Will also look at the negative psychological aspect it has on todays youth This will include any bad reports in news, gossip, and printed paper. I will disprove false accusations of metal. Paragraph three In this paragraph I will state the positive aspect of metal. I will state the good things that metal has accomplished through its history. I will also give show the positive reports in news, and impact on todays youth. Paragraph fourThis will be the over all impact of metal music, weather it be good or bad. This will state which side the evidence favors verses popular opinion. Paragraph five. This will be the conclusion. This of demonstration of the impact as well as how the positive and negative effects affect people. Positive effects even too due to popular belief there are positive effects to heavy metal music. Those positive effects are positive outlet of aggression, the lyrical content brings darker but important facts to light. Music Censorship free essay sample This cause and effect essay analyzes the lyrical content of popular music recordings, cited as censored. Out of 60 articles from the music trade magazines, Billboard and Rolling Stone, 77 instances of censorship were recorded and analyzed. The categories for evaluation were the year of citation, music style, and reason for censorship. Nineteen ninety was the year with the highest number of journal articles (21 ) covering music censorship. Rap (48%) and rock (44. %) music accounted for a large portion of the total censored recordings and the majority of according were censored because of lyrics seen as explicit, profane, obscene or vulgar. In addition, five rock recordings were censored because of objectionable artwork on or inside the covers. Recordings were also censored because of opposition to a view the artist expressed. Two tables depict the years of citation and the reasons for censorship, each according to music styles. (Anthony K. S 1 995) Music has historically been, and continues to be, censored In an attempt to enforce morality. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Censorship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its not a coincidence that music censorship In America began to accelerate urine the sass, when traditional and conservative values began to unravel. At the time, order, strict obedience to authority, and conservative values were part of the accepted mindset. (Lombardi, Victor 1991) With the advent of rock n roll, however, young America began to loosen attitudes on Issues relating to morality. Technology also played an Important part In shaping the moral power struggle In the 1 sass. (Lombardi, Victor 1991) For example, the sass era saw similar complaints against flappers and Jazz musicians; however, radio wasnt as dominant at that time.In the sass, radio provided access to new types of music that challenged traditional morality and created the dynamics for music censorship. (Lombard, Victor 1991) In 1 956, Elvis may have been known as the king or rock and roll, but he was very controversial in his performances and mannerisms in the sasss. Ray Charles would also have a very controversial history when It comes to releasing music. Being one of the first artists to turn gospel music to R;B made him his music censored and many of the southern states back in December of 1954. A lot of the artists of the 1 sass paved the way in the starting of music censorship. Moral authorities aim to determine what behavior is acceptable for individuals and for society. Drugs, violence, and especially sex are topics moral authorities attempt to regulate. The end of the sass witnessed many members of society, particularly young adults and teens begin expressing new attitudes about these topics: Sex and drugs were no longer hidden and secretive acts, but something to be exposed and celebrated.A lot of kids look up to those rappers and rock stars as role models and music censorship helps the artist become that good role model. In conclusion, I believe music censorship is a very important part in our community and should always remain. Music censorship may stem from race, fear, and morality Just to name a few sources of censorship. I believe even though music censorship didnt always start off by Just means in the past doesnt mean it isnt Just in the present. References: retrieved from AAU virtual library * Anthony, K. Music Censorship free essay sample This cause and effect essay analyzes the lyrical content of popular music recordings, cited as censored. Out of 60 articles from the music trade magazines, Billboard and Rolling Stone, 77 instances of censorship were recorded and analyzed. The categories for evaluation were the year of citation, music style, and reason for censorship. Nineteen ninety was the year with the highest number of journal articles (21 ) covering music censorship.Rap (48%) and rock (44. 2%) music accounted for a large portion of the total censored recordings and the majority of recordings were censored because Of lyrics seen as explicit, profane, obscene or vulgar. In addition, five rock recordings were censored because of objectionable artwork on or inside the covers. Recordings were also censored because of opposition to a view the artist expressed. Two tables depict the years of citation and the reasons for censorship, each according to music styles. (Anthony K.S 1 995) Music has historically been, and continues to be, censored in an attempt to enforce morality. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Censorship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its not a coincidence that music censorship in America began to accelerate during the sass, when traditional and conservative aloes began to unravel. At the time, order, strict obedience to authority, and conservative values were part of the accepted mindset. (Lombardi, Victor 1991) With the advent of rock n roll, however, young America began to loosen attitudes on issues relating to morality.Technology also played an important part in shaping the moral power struggle in the 1 9505. (Lombardi, Victor 1991 ) For example, the 1 sass era saw similar complaints against flappers and jazz musicians; however, radio wasnt as dominant at that time. In the 1 9505, radio provided access to new types of music that challenged rotational morality and created the dynamics for music censorship. (Lombardi, Victor 1 991) In 1956, Elvis may have been known as the king or rock and roll, but he was very controversial in his performances and mannerisms in the sasss.Ray Charles would also have a very controversial history when it comes to releasing music. Being one of the first artists to turn gospel music to R;B made him his music censored and many of the southern states back in December of 1954. A lot of the artists of the 1 sass paved the way in the starting of music censorship. Moral authorities aim to determine what behavior is acceptable for individuals and for society. Drugs, violence, and especially sex are topics moral authorities attempt to regulate.The end of the sass witnessed many members of society, particularly young adults and teens begin expressing new attitudes about these topics: Sex and drugs were no longer hidden and secretive acts, but something to be exposed and celebrated. This shift in outlook began breaking down the traditional moral order in many aspects of society especially music. Race may seem a strange factor in music censorship, but it has played a significant role. In particular, the sass and early sass saw a new genre of music rhythm and blues emerge onto the national music landscape. Magnum, Eric 1989) R;B music included freely expressed sexual desires, clear drug references, and other features that were not as prevalent in other forms of popular music. R;B was and still is?dominated by black musicians and traditionally was enjoyed mainly by black audiences. (Magnum, Eric 1 989) When its audience expanded to include mainstream white youths and young adults, this was a problem for many older whites who considered R;B music as a threat that corrupted young people and promoted moral behavior. (Magnum, Eric 1989) This phenomenon prompted moral authorities to take action.

12 Crucial Tips to Protect Yourself from Cyberstalking

12 Crucial Tips to Protect Yourself from Cyberstalking If the idea of cyberstalking scares you, thats good. That discomfort is a reminder that you need to be alert and aware on the internet. Staying vigilant offline is important too. Your cell phone, Blackberry, your home call display all of these things can be manipulated by technology. Awareness is one step; action is another. Here are 12 tips that can prevent you from becoming a victim of cyberstalking. They may take a few hours to implement, but the payoff is protection from the hundreds of hours it takes to undo the damage of a cyberstalker. The 12 Tips Never reveal your home address. This rule is especially important for women who are business professionals and very visible. You can use your work address or rent a private mailbox. Just dont have your home address readily available.Password protect all accounts including cell phones, land lines, e-mails, banking and credit cards with a secure password that would be difficult for anyone to guess. Change it every year. Your secret questions should not be easily answered either. Former VP candidate Sarah Palins secret reminder questions were so easy to answer that a cyberstalker was easily able to gain access to her email accounts.Conduct an internet search using your name and phone number.  Be sure that there is nothing out there that you are not aware of. A cyberstalker may have created a craigslist account, web page or blog about you. Only you can stay on top of how your name is being used online.Be suspicious of any incoming emails, telephone calls or texts that ask you for your identifying information. The Caller ID Spoof can mimic your banks caller ID. It is very easy for a cyberstalker posing as a banking representative, utility, credit card representative or your cell phone provider to obtain your personal private information. If you are suspicious,  hang up and call the institution directly to be sure that you were not a target of a cyberstalker. Never give out your Social Security Number unless you are absolutely sure of who is asking for it and why. With your social as they call it in the business, a cyberstalker now has access to every part of your life.Utilize stat counters or other free registry counters that will record all incoming traffic to your blogs and websites. With a stat counter, you can identify who is viewing your site or blog easily because the registry records the IP address, date, time, city, state, and internet service provider. It is useful for marketing and it also provides a very valuable safeguard in the event that your website or blog is targeted.Check your credit report status regularly, especially if youre a business professional or individual who is in the public eye. Do this at least two times per year, especially if you feel that you may have a reason to be concerned. You can request a free copy of your credit once a year directly from the credit bureaus. It is worth the additional cost to pay f or it the second time. Go directly to each bureau; you will not damage your credit rating if you obtain a copy directly from the bureaus. Avoid paying third parties to obtain copies of the report because often the third parties charge more than what the credit bureaus charge and youll end up on another mailing list. If you are leaving a partner, spouse or boyfriend or girlfriend – especially if they are abusive, troubled, angry or difficult – reset every single password on all of your accounts to something they cannot guess. Inform your bank and credit companies that this person is not allowed to make any changes to your accounts no matter what the reason. Even if you are reasonably certain that your former partner is okay, this is a good practice for moving forward on your own. It is also a good idea to get a new cell phone and credit card that the ex doesnt know about. Make these changes before you leave if you can.If you encounter something suspicious – a weird phone call or an emptied account that cant be explained by your bank – it could be a cyberstalker so act accordingly. Change all your accounts, and ideally change banks. Check your credit report. Note anything else that appears strange. If you have more than one or two strange incidents per month, its possib le you are a target.If you think youre a target, have your PC checked by a professional. If you are already experiencing cyberstalking incidents, your computer may already be compromised. Have someone in the know check it for spyware and other viruses. If you think you have a cyberstalker, move fast. Lots of people dont take action because they think theyre crazy or imagining things. Record incidents – time, place, event. Victims of repeated attacks tend to become paralyzed with fear. Meanwhile, cyberstalkers often get such a rush off the first attack that it encourages them to keep going. The faster you take action and block their ability to hurt or harass you, the sooner they lose interest in their project.Get lots of emotional support to handle the cyberstalking period and to deal with the aftermath. It is normal to feel high levels of distrust and paranoia after a cyberstalking encounter. A lot of people will not want to deal with someone with a cyberstalker; it puts them at risk. You may feel isolated and alone. The best thing I did was learn to keep reaching out until I found the brave people who helped me put my life back together. Having support was what got me through but I had to fight for every bit of it. It may seem  backward  that we cant do more to protect ourselves from cyberstalkers. Lawmakers in the US need to grasp the urgency of the situation and pick up the pace if were ever going fight cybercrime with real legislative tools. While we work toward getting laws caught up with the speed of technology, for now, you are a pioneer. Like the Wild West, it’s every man, woman, and  child for themselves when it comes to cyberstalking. So take care of yourselves out there.

Synthesis Organizational Designs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Synthesis Organizational Designs - Assignment Example Managers together with members work hand in hand in defining the organization’s requirements then form systems for meeting the particular requirements sufficiently. The enhancer offers an assurance that a methodical process is adhered to and facilitates creative reasoning. Today, we find that many organizations have been influenced seriously by the control and command structure of the early military organizations. However, most of them have started adopting the design of bureaucracy whereby duty and power or authority is in form of hierarchical arrangement (Kolb, 2008). Nevertheless, we find that the same fundamental organizational model is believed to be good for any organization, whether it is a church, school, fraternity, business, and government. It is easily predictable, reasonable and familiar. It is only when there exist close similarities in the desired results, methods together with a culture that the fundamental form a single organization be employed or applied to th e other (Jurow and Susan, 2004). Corporate governance is one of the central or core points that the articles talk about. Looking through the explanations and descriptions given as regards corporate governance, we can deduce that the most common or general description that is given is that it involves market and regulatory mechanisms, as well as the relationships and responsibilities between the management of the organization, the shareholders, the board members and some other stakeholders, as well as the objectives for which the organization is run (Schein, 2006). In the readings, we are told that it is fundamental that there is a degree of confidence that linked to a corporation that is believed to have good corporate governance. In addition, the presence of a dynamic group of independent managers or directors on the board brings about immense contribution towards making sure that there is buoyancy in the market.

Statistical Applications in Criminal Justice Course Project Essay

Statistical Applications in Criminal Justice Course Project - Essay Example On the other hand, the standard deviations shows that the scoring on robbery is more dispersed than rape/sexual assault (Howell, 2008). In order to test the relationship between rape and violence, linear regression analysis will be used. This test will be used to establish if there exists any statistical relationship between the two variables, and if it exists, the strength of the model (Lee, 2006). This test is chosen because it is suitable in testing linear relationship between two or more variables. Regression models are also suitable in predicting the value of the dependent valuable using the predictor valuable; therefore, the scoring of robbery can be established in different scoring of rape. The results of the tests are as shown in the spss output below: Based on the results above, it is evident that there is a strong and positive relationship between rape and robbery. The R squired of 0.89 shows that the model rape/sexual assault is a very good predictor of robbery. In other words, the regression model is very good. The p-value is less than 0.05, which means that there is enough evidence to allege that rape/sexual is a predictor of robbery. Since the coefficients are positive, we conclude that the two variables have a positive relationship, which also means that an increase in rape/sex would lead to an increase in robbery (Heiman, 2010). The results from this analysis show that the rate at which rape happens has some implication on the rate at which robbery happens. Therefore, the incidence of rape can be used to predict the incidence of robbery at any given

Treating Cystic Fibrosis with Gene Therapy

Treating Cystic Fibrosis with Gene Therapy In this dissertation we shall consider the field of gene therapy in specific relation to cystic fibrosis.   We examine the different delivery vector mechanisms that have already been explored and concentrate primarily on the adeno-associated vectors. We examine the current state of research and consider the advantages and drawbacks of the various methods considered. We conclude with a discussion and analysis of our findings and   make anumber of assumptions relating to the future direction of the researchin the field.   The rate of progress in the field of gene therapy has been enormous. We must remind ourselves that the first clinical gene transfer experiment took place in 1989 when a patient with malignant melanoma received genetically modified auto logous T cells. (Rosenberg SA et al1990) Gene therapy encompasses two major areas. The in vivo field, where genes are incorporated into the target cells of the living body and the ex-vivo field where the target cells themselves are genetically modified outside the body and then re-implanted. Medical science has been using the basic techniques of gene transfer for a long time. The technique has been exploited when viral genes are introduced to human cells when a viral vaccine is administered. The key technologies that allowed the transition from vaccination to gene therapy were the evolution of methods that allowed the genes to be isolated and replicated (cloned) and manipulated (engineered) prior to transfer into human cells (Freeman SM et al 1996) The key principle in this process is the efficient transfer of the manipulated therapeutic genes into the nuclei of target cells usually be means of various vectors. This dissertation will be considering the utilisation of these vectors in some detail. In broad terms, the new or modified genetic material is able to produce new proteins which can restore deficient or abnormal functions of genetically diseased tissues, to generate tissues that have entirely new properties or to create transplantable tissues for the controlled release of therapeutic proteins. (Russell SJ  1997) In terms of viral vectors, prior to 1996 science was dependent on the use of modified retroviral vectors (eg.MMLV) to effect gene transfer into the chromosomes of a target cell and the adenovirus vectors when such integration was not needed. Neither vector was particularly successful as the intact nuclear membrane (in then on-dividing state) was a major barrier for chromosomal gene integration. (Sikorski R et al 1998). A breakthrough came with the realisation that lentiviruses (e.g. HIV) have the same ability to transfer genetic coding into the cellular genome but could do this in the non-dividing or dormant phase cells. (Amado R G et al 1999) In vitro, lentiviruses have been shown to change the target cell’s expression of proteins for up to six months. importantly, they can be used for terminally differentiated cells such as respiratory epithelium. The only cells that the lentivirus cannot penetrate the nucleus are those in the quiescent (G0) state as this blocks the reverse transcription stages of protein synthesis. (Amado R G et al1999) Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is the most commonly lethal inherited recessive inthe caucasian population. It affects about 1 per 2,500 livebirths. Thetreatment of cystic fibrosis has improved enormously in the last fiftyyears with the life expectancy increasing from an average 10 years to30-40 years now. The prime cause of death in affected individuals is the repeatedcycle of infection, inflammation and fibrosis of the respiratory tractwhich eventually culminates in respiratory failure and death. The disease itself is caused   by mutations in the single gene forthe cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) whichproduces a protein found in sweat and pancreatic ducts, gut,seminiferous tubules, lungs and many other tissues. The mutationsresult in an abnormal protein which, when expressed in the lungs,produces thick viscous and dehydrated secretions. This does not allow for the efficient expulsion of bacterial pathogensfrom the lungs and a number of highly resistant forms of bacteria arecommonly found in cystic fibrosis (viz pseudomonas aeruginosa)(Porteous DJ et al 1997). An individual must receive a defective copy of the cystic fibrosisgene from each parent in order to develop the clinical picture ofcystic fibrosis. Following normal genetic principles, if two carriersconceive a child, there is a 25% chance that it will have cysticfibrosis, a 50% chance that it will be a carrier and a 25% chance thatit will have two normal cystic fibrosis genes. Viral and non viral vectors Viruses have an ability to enter a host cell and combine their owngenetic material with that of the host cell. This is the basicrationale behind the science of gene transfer therapy.   As we shalldiscuss in some detail in this dissertation, there are a number ofpotential viral vectors that have been explored, evaluated andexploited in the search for an efficient and safe form of therapy.Viruses are not the only vector that can be utilised . Simply placingDNA in the nasal mucosa will produce some incorporation into theepithelial cells (Knowles MR et al 1998). This â€Å"absorption† can bedemonstrably enhanced further by the combination of the DNA withvarious plasmid or lipid complexes(Zabner et al 1997) The advantages of lipid or plasmid assisted transfer mechanisms arethat they do not appear to generate the immunological responses thatare seen with the viral vectors. They can also be used to facilitatethe transport of much larger pieces of DNA which would otherwise belimited by the packaging consideration incumbent on the viral vectors.(Felgner P 1997). The use of retroviral vectors is far from straightforward. The heavilypublicised case in April 2000 brought some of the problems to theattention of the media. A retroviral manipulation of   a case of X-SCID(X linked severe combined immunodeficiency) was treated by gene therapywith an apparent degree of success (BBC 2002). This particular diseaseprocess is caused by a mutation on the gene which codes for the C chainof the cytokine receptors which is situated on the X chromosome andvital for the functional development of T Killer lymphocytes which aretherefore completely absent in the condition A multinational team used a retroviral vector to insert a functionalcopy of the gene into bone marrow stem cells which were thenre-transfused back into the patient. (Cavazzana-Calvo M et al 2000).This particular case resulted in a return to normal levels of T cellsin a comparatively short period of time. This was hailed in both thepopular media and the peer reviewed journals as a major success and itcan indeed be considered a landmark as it pioneered the successful useof an ex-vivo procedure that avoided direct in vivo transfer of thevector. The reason for specifically highlighting this particular case isthat following the initial optimism of the clinical team, two of thefirst ten patients with this condition who were treated in the same waysubsequently developed a leukaemia-like illness. Genetic analysis ofthe malignant cells suggested that the retroviral vector used in thetransfer had also activated an oncogene LIM-only2 (LMO2) which is knownto be associated with some forms of leukaemia. The clinicians reviewingthe situation felt that, although it was not the only cause of themalignancy it was one of the events that triggered it. Similar concernshave been raised in respect of other clinical trials. (Lehrman S 1999) The prime reason for presenting these events is to demonstrate thefact that there is both a theoretical and practical risk of insertionalmutagenesis. Reduction of the risk requires greater specificity of thetargeting of the genetic deficit   perhaps by directing the expressionof the therapeutic genes to various specific tissues utilising bothtransductional and transcriptional targeting. Relph K et al 2004), In terms of specific considerations of the arguments in favour of theuse of retroviral   vectors, one can cite the fact that they have ahighly efficient mechanism of gene transfer together with lowimmunogenicity. It is a well researched and well studied system and isknown to selectively infect actively dividing cells. The conversearguments reflect their disadvantages including their ability todisturb or activate oncogenes, the fact that they are difficulty tospecifically target and it is difficult to obtain high titres in theclinical situation (after Olsen, J. C. 1998). In broad terms, the principles behind the use of retroviral vectorsare that they must be modified in order not to be able to transmit anyovertly pathological coding. This involves the deletion of viral helpergenes such as gag, pol and env   to render the replication processinvalid. This is done by utilisation of a producer or packaging cellline. (Nichols, E. K 1998). An example of a commonly utilised and extensively researched vector isthe MoMuLV. It is an engineered vector which can store 8 kb of RNAwithout compromising packaging efficiency. It is a hybrid cell lineeasily grown in mouse fibroblast cells There is a subdivision of the retroviral vectors known as thelentivirus, which is the only retroviral vector capable of integratinginto the chromosomes of non-dividing cells. This has been effectivelydemonstrated in vitro (Naldini L et al 1996).    The biggest problem with the lentivirus vectors is that theyappeared to only produce very low titres. Some recent researchsuggested that a modification to a amphotropic envelope protien wascapable of allowing higher titre levels. (Rolls M et al 1999) At about the same time that the scientific press was learning aboutthe problems with retroviral transfer (see above) other investigatorswere working with adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). A similar processwas invoked using adeno-associated viruses to correct a genetic defectinvolving coagulation factor IX. The adeno-associated viruses were usedas they were considered to be amongst the safest candidates for genetransfer. They do not naturally cause disease processes in humans andhave only rarely been found to incorporate in a random fashion into thehuman genome. Although it is noted that adenoviruses do cause oncogeneactivation in rodents although it has not been found in humans(Blacklow NR 1988).   The trial had a very positive outcome. (Kay MA et al 2000), but thetrial author (in later research work) published a study which suggestedthat, in study mice, the vector used in the trials actually integrateditself into gene containing regions of DNA more frequently that it didinto non-coding regions (Kay MA et al 2003). The findings were reportedas the fact that new genetic material was randomly distributed amongstall of the chromosomes particularly at sites of gene activity. On thisbasis, there appears to be at least a theoretical basis for thepossibility of similar cellular defects such as occurred in the X-SCIDpatients. Adenoviruses are comparatively simple structures. They arecategorised as double stranded DNA viruses. They have icosahedralcapsids with twelve vertices and seven surface proteins. The virionitself is spherical and non-enveloped and in the region of 70-90 nm insize. Their natural history is that they are spread easily in the naturalstate by the faeco-oral route and also by respiratory inhalation whichclearly has great implications for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. A theoretical analysis would immediately suggest that the adenovirus should be a suitable candidate for gene therapy as they can codefor specific proteins and they do not produce infection pathogenicviral offspring.    The early trials into this particular area were reviewed by Griesenbach(Griesenbach U et al 2002) who pointed out that the cystic fibrosisgene was first cloned in 1989 and in the subsequent   years, 18different trials were carried out, all with rather low degrees ofsuccess. They collectively trialed three different vectors, namelyadenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses 2 and cationic liposomes, andalmost universally found that each vector had a very low rate ofclinically significant gene transfer and none was sufficient to achieveclinical benefit    Plasmid Complexes At its most basic level, a plasmid is a small accessory collection ofDNA which is found in the cytoplasm outside of the nucleus. They arecapable of independent replication and can be manipulated with rathermore ease than nuclear DNA. Early investigations into the field of gene transfer explored thepossibility of plasmid vectors   and demonstrated the feasibility of themethod to effect CFTR gene transfer in vitro (Alton EW 1993). Otherteams had demonstrated the fact that, in clinical use theplasmid-liposome is both nontoxic and non-immunogenic (Hyde,SC et al1993).   This appeared to raise the possibility that many of theimmunological problems encountered by teams working with viral mediatedgene transfer mechanisms might be circumvented. In vivo work (Yoshimura,K et al. 1992) had demonstrated that genescould be transferred into the cytoplasm by this method and Stribling, R(et al 1992) demonstrated that, once there, they would then replicatenormally. Alton experimented with a CFTR-plasmid preparation in miceand demonstrated that it was capable of correcting the chloride levelsin cystic fibrosis mice back to normal levels (Alton EW 1993) Although the initial results were encouraging, clinical trials weredisappointing as the plasmid complex could not easily penetrate thethick mucous residues in the diseased lungs of patients with cysticfibrosis. (Erickson,R 1993) The plasmids typically have a positively charged head-group which isable to bind to the DNA strand and a hydrophobic tail group whichfacilitates the transfer of the complex across the cellular membranes.Initial studies suggest that   between 100-1000 times more DNA isrequired to effect successful gene transfer when this method iscompared to viral vectors. (Santis,G et al 1994). One alternative adaptation has been reported by Stern M (et al 2003)who points out that one of the solution of delivery is to ensure thatthe respiratory epithelium is exposed to the DNA over a long period.Their solution was to encapsulate the CFTR-plasmid in a slow releasebiocompatible polymer. Clinical trials are underway but not yetreported. The adeno-associated vectors appear to have (at least on atheoretical basis) a number of advantages over the vectors that we havealready discussed. They are based on a virus vector that is alreadynon-pathogenic (Berns, KI et al 1995) and has a mechanism that allowsit to be a long-term persistent entity in human cells (Blacklow, NR etal 1989). The adeno-associated vectors are particularly useful indealing with disease process that involve single gene mutations. This,therefore   makes it particularly suitable for single gene disorderssuch as cystic fibrosis and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. (Flotte, TRet al 1998). In addition, some workers have also developed vectors which are capableof   producing either inducible or constitutive expression of thecytokine, interlukin-10   (IL-10) which is an importantanti-inflammatory protein which, on a theoretical basis, could beuseful not only in cystic fibrosis   but in other disease process whichhave chronic inflammation as their prime manifestation (viz Type Idiabetes mellitus or inflammatory bowel disease) (Egan, M et al 1992).These manifestations have been studied and have now reached the stageof early clinical trials (Wagner J et al 2002). With specific reference to the implications of cystic fibrosis, wecan point to trials which have resulted in the expression of cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) from rAAV(recombinant adeno-associated vectors) in cell cultures (Flotte, TR etal 1993), in animal models (primates) (Afione, SA et al 1996), andagain in early phase I clinical trials (Wagner, J et al 1998) The rAAV-IL-10 model has been studied in bronchial cell culturesfrom cystic fibrosis patients, to determine the functional consequencesof CFTR complementation. This has not yet been demonstrated in vivowith humans but in both mice (Song, S et al 1998), and monkeys (Conrad,CK et al 1996) The overall results of these (and other) studies have shown that   itis possible to achieve long term gene transfer and functionalexpression of the replaced gene (some studies for as long as 18 months)without any overt pathological findings. The histological findings are something of a surprise however, as,at least in both primate and mouse studies, the vector-introduced DNAin this form does not appear to be assimilated into the geneticmaterial of the chromosome, but persists in log strings or concatemersthat are episomal, which is in complete contrast to what happens whenthe naturally occurring agent infects the cell. There is some evidenceto suggest that host cell intrinsic factors such as DNA-dependentprotein kinase play some role in this process (Song, S 2001). The significance of this finding could be that the exclusion of thefunctional, newly introduced DNA from the rest of the nuclear gene poolmay be less likely to produce effects that could be either potentiallydisruptive to the host cell and less likely to activate oncogenes.Phase I trials have demonstrated significant rises of CFTR levels inboth sinus and lung tissue with no evidence of vector-related toxicity.(Wagner, JA et al 1999)   The adeno-associated vectors are constructed from proviraladeno-associated vectors plasmids, which have the Rep and Cap proteinsdeleted and substituting the appropriate gene (CFTR or equivalent)between the rAAV2 inverted terminal repeats together with other signalsequences such as promoter and polyadenylation sequences (Flotte, TR etal 1994) The packaging processes allows for about 5 kb of rAAV genomes to becarried   in the vectors which are prepared using a cotransfectiontechnique utilising human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) where thevector plasmid is cotransfected into the cells with helper agents(plasmid pDG) being used to encode the rAAV2-rep and -cap genestogether with the adenovirus helper functions (Grimm, D et al 1998).These are incubated for between 48 and 72 hrs. The cells are then lysedand the resultant agents are then separated by ultracentrifugationagainst a density gradient and affinity chromatography (Zolotukhin, Set al 1999).   The vectors are thereby amenable to being separated by both theirphysical characteristics and also their biological characteristics(infectious units). They are carefully screened to ensure the absenceof any possible contamination from non-modified (replication competentAAVs) prior to clinical usage. (Muzyczka N 1994) The comparatively small â€Å"payload† of the adeno-associated vectorsis proving to be a significant problem. The vector itself is small whencompared to the comparatively large size of the CFTR gene. (Flotte TRet al 1993) It does not leave any room to manoeuvre to manipulate thevector-specific sequences in the way that we have described with theretroviral and adenoviral groups. (Flotte TR et al 2001). A number of authors have characterised the problem with theobservation that the rAAV is typically about 20 nm across which allowspackaging of about 4.7 kb (kilobases) of transferable modified gene(exogenous DNA). (Dong JY et al 1996), If   it is combined with otherenhancers such as the promoter, the polyadenylation signal, thisclearly reduces the capacity for the DNA component. (Duan D et al2000). The Yan paper (Yan Z et al 2000) has outlined a novelexploitation of the unique ability of the rAAV genomes to link togetherin strings which appears to have the ability to bypass this particularlimitation.( Flotte TR 2000). The mechanism itself is the capacity of two distinct rAAV genomes thathappen to simultaneously infect the same target cell to undergo anintermolecular recombination insider the transduced nucleus of thetarget cell. This was a chance finding which arose from work involvingrAAV-derived episomes (Kearns WG et al 1996) in primate airways. It wasfound that some of these episomes were configured as circular head totail concatemers (Duan D et al 1999). This could have been either froma â€Å"rolling circle† replication from a single vector or alternatively,from an intermolecular recombination of material from multiple cellularpenetrations which combined within the palindromic inverted terminalrepeat sequences that are an intrinsic part of the AAV genomestructure. The authors were of the opinion that it was likely to be thelatter eventuality (Duan D et al 1998) It was a logical progression to try to exploit this phenomenon andthereby bypass the limitations imposed by the relatively smallpackaging capacity of rAAV. The adeno-associated vectors capsid onlyhas a capacity of about 5 kb. If we consider that the 145 nucleotidestretch of the AAV-ITR (inverted terminal repeat) sequence has to be inplace at both ends of the single-strand DNA for the vector DNA to beboth replicated and packaged, this only leaves in the region of 4.7 kbof genetically active material in each rAAV particle. As we have cited earlier in relation to the Dong paper (Dong JY et al1996) the CFTR gene accounts for about 4.5 kb which leaves very littlespace for other enhancing material. Because of this, the actual CFTRvector that has been used in the clinical trials to date uses only theminimal promoter activity of the AAVs-ITR itself to actually activateand drive the CFTR expression (Flotte TR et al. 1993). To look at this potentially important development in a little moredetail we can consider Duan’s original paper (et al 2000) and theauthors describe what they call a â€Å"superenhancer†. They describe acombination of a potent simian virus (SV40) and CMV immediate earlyenhancer elements as being packaged in one rAAV vector and a luciferasegene assisted by a small minima;l promoter in another rAAV vector. Invitro experiments suggested that either the SV40 or the intrinsicpromoter activity of the AAV-ITR was sufficient for this purpose. Theintermolecular recombination described above, was found to occur inboth vitro and in vivo experiments and was found to be sufficient tohave a greater than additive effect. Initial results from these varying methods are encouraging insofaras they are producing results of transgene expression which are 100-600times greater than with the unenhanced vector alone. (Yan, Z et al2000) Although not directly referable to our considerations of cysticfibrosis, we should note that Yan’s group and other workers have doneexperimental work which has culminated in the long term expression offunctional levels of erythropoetin with this two vector method in micein vivo. (Naffakh N et al 1995), This basic principle has been further enhanced by Sun (Sun L et al2000) with an ingenious manipulation of the system. They triedinserting the promoter and the first half of the coding sequence in onerAAV vector, immediately followed by a splice donor and then theupstream half of an intron. In the other rAAV vector was the downstreamhalf of the intron, the splice acceptor, the second half of the geneand the polyadenylation signal. To quote the author verbatim: This strategy is efficient enough to mediate high-level expressionand the intermolecular junctions are apparently stable enough tomediate expression for several months in vivo. Although this is clearly an ingenious augmentation of the sameprinciple , we should note that there are both advantages anddisadvantages to both pathways. The strategy that adopts the superenhancer takes its strengths fromthe fact that the recombination mechanisms optimise theposition-independent and orientation-independent functions of theenhancers.   Consideration of the options would suggest that there arefour potential recombination outcomes from the process described.Either of the two vectors could be on the 5’ end of the heterodimericmolecule and clearly either molecule could be in either orientation. With the superenhancer option, all four of these possibleintermolecular recombination outcomes should be functional fortransgene expression whereas if compared to the split intron strategy,by using the same reasoning, it is clear that only one out of the fourcould work. On the other side of the argument, the superenhancer option has thedisadvantage that the actual coding sequence of the gene to betransferred must still fall within the packaging capacity of the vectoritself whereas the split intron allows for a greater functionalexpansion of the packaging capacity. (after Flotte TR et al 2000)   In either event it can be seen that these ingenious modificationseffectively eliminate the main size limitation of the rAAV deliverysystem. Although initial pre-clinical work is encouraging it appearsthat there is still some potential for a degree of immune responseparticularly if the host organism has not experienced the newlyproduced protein before. A number of studies have been done on animal (vertebrate andprimate) with only minimal success. Different administration methodshave been studied including direct administration into the lung (WagnerJ et al 1999), IM injection (Song, S et al 2001 B) and hepatic portalvein infusion (Song, S et al 2001 A)       Human clinical trials have taken place with these vectors (Flotte T etal 1996)(Wagner J et al 1998) (Virella-Lowell, I et al 2000). Thestudies were done on adult male and female patients (18-47 yrs) whowere pseudomonas free and had recently been hospitalised for IVantibiotic infusions The disappointing results were probably a reflection of the factthat the CFTR defect is also interconnected in some way with   aproinflammatory phenotype which appears to be triggered by the abnormalprotein via an unfolded protein response. The authors were able to showevidence that the rAAV-CFTR mechanism was able to   correct the proteinproduction defect, they found it clinically difficult to transduce asufficient number of cells in the airway to reverse the inflammatoryresponse. It is proposed to run further experimental work which combines the  CFTR expression with an anti inflammatory   gene such as the IL-10.There is some in vitro work to suggest that this may be a possibleworkable approach (Teramoto, S et al 1998). Other work on ways ofenhancing the phenotypic expression of the modified genotype hassuggested that the use of various promoters and the rAAV-CMV/beta-actinhybrid promoter (CB-AAT) was found to be tone of the most efficient, atleast when it was compared to the other tested options such as the CMV,E1, U1a and U1b promoter constructs (Teramoto, S et al 1998) Overall, the initial results appear to be encouraging. A singleinjection of an rAAV-CB-AAT vector in animal studies has resulted inhigh level, stable transgene expression which has persisted over thelife span of the experimental animals and that there was no detectableinflammatory response in the animals who had received this form oftreatment (Flotte TR 2002) Flotte (et al 2002) reports that four human clinical trials at bothPhase I and Phase II level are currently underway examining the effectsof the rAAV-CFTR vector. They had an entry cohort of seven patientswith the vector being applied to the nasal lining, the maxillary sinusand the bronchus. The authors report no adverse effects being found andthat they have observed transgene expression at doses of 6 x 108 drp inthe sinus or 1 x 1013 drp in the lung. There are no reported interimfindings from the Phase II trials as yet.    There is clearly a potential for clinical benefit on the basis of theresults found to date if one can extrapolate from in vitro and animalexperiments. The authors comment that, in contrast to the adenovirusvectors there is a marked lack of inflammatory toxicity with the rAAVvectors. Despite these positive comments, we should not, however, overlook thepotential limitations of this particular delivery system. These havebeen identified by various authors as:    The inhibitory effect of preexisting airway inflammation on rAAV transduction in the lungs (Virella-Lowell, I et al 2000) A relative paucity of receptors on the apical surface of airway epithelial cells (Summerford, C et al 1998), The relatively weak nature of the minimal promoters used in the first-generation rAAV-CFTR vectors(Flotte, TR et al 1993), The potential for adverse long-term effects from rAAV vector DNA persistence. (Wu, P et al 2000) The Flotte group are currently investigating this problem by examiningthe hypothesis that the barriers in the airways of the cystic fibrosissufferer are primarily   due to the neutrophil-derived -defensins (HNP1and HNP2) and are actually reversible by the mechanism of AAT proteindelivery (Virella-Lowell, I 2000) Wu and his co-workers have been looking at ways of manipulating thegenetic make up of the rAAV2 capsid and thereby trying to enhance thetargeting ability so that the vector specifically targets the serpinenzyme complex receptor on IB3–1 cells – which is virtually specificfor the Cystic fibrosis bronchial cells Zabner, J (et al 2000), have considered alternative rAAV serotypesin the hope of finding one that will bind more specifically to thebronchial cells Other peripheral adjuncts have also been explored includingpromoters to enhance the effects of complementation and superenhancerswhich have been shown to improve the ability of the rAAV toconcatermerise with the help of smaller amounts of promoter agents  (Duan, D et al 2000). Perhaps it is appropriate to conclude this section on considerationof adeno-associated vectors with a critical analysis of a very recentmulticentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Moss RB et al2004) This was a well constructed, fully statistically significant anddouble blinded trial which considered   both the safety and thetolerability of repeated doses of adeno-associated serotype 2 vectorrepeatedly given by aerosol inhalation. The vector contained â€Å"cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) complementary DNA(cDNA) [tgAAVCF], an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding thecomplete human CFTR cDNA.† The entry cohort was comparatively small with 42 patients, of whom20 received the active agent. A number of indices of airway functionwere measured. Of particular interest to our considerations in thisdissertation was the fact that   vector shedding was found in alltreated subjects up to 90 days after inoculation. And that all subjectswho received the active agent exhibited at least a fourfold increase inthe serum AAV2 neutralising antibody levels. Of the 20 treated patients, six subsequently underwent bronchoscopy.Of those six, gene transfer but not gene expression was demonstrated inall of them. On this basis, it would appear that the actual transfermechanism is effective, but there are other factors present whichappear to interfere with the subsequent expression of the gene in termsof protein production. The study did not comment on the possiblereasons for this. The authors were able to conclude that the delivery system workedwell with no evidence of adverse effects and that treated patientsdemonstrated an â€Å"encouraging trend in improvement in pulmonary functionin patients with CF and mild lung disease.† Lipid 67 We have discussed the various shortcomings of the virus-associatedvectors and this has prompted researchers to explore and consider otheroptimising options for facilitating gene transfer. Zabner (J et al1997) considered the use of cationic lipids in this process and foundone   GL-67:DOPE (colloquially known as lipid 67) which appeared to beparticularly helpful in the process. Cationic lipids appear to show a degree of promise as possible vectorsfor CFTR cDNA transfer into respiratory epithelial cells